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We dig into the references and extra details in Doctor Who series 10 episode 9, Empress Of Mars.Doctor Who series 1. Empress Of Mars nerdy spots and Easter eggs. This article contains spoilers - pretty much all of them - for Empress Of Mars. The Ice Warriors’ tombs have melted, and so have our hearts. As the Doctor gives Missy a good telling- off for helping to save the day, we turn our attention to the references, callbacks and generally interesting things about tonight’s episode. If we’ve missed something, you know where the comments section is. Described by the third Doctor as a . And as well as Alpha Centauri and TV and radio jobs dating back to 1. Children’s Hour and including The Archers, Churchman also voiced an Eight Legs in 1. Planet Of The Spiders. Two Hours Before Sunset. Djursland, Denmark. By Robbert Vervuurt. JPGs is a photo peek into wherever gamers might find interesting. If you’re a photographer and. In Kerbal Space Program, this corresponds to any anomaly that has been hidden in the game on the surfaces of bodies in the Kerbol System the Main Menu, in IVAs, and. The members of the Torchwood Institute, a secret organization founded by the British Crown, fight to protect the Earth from extraterrestrial and supernatural threats.
Of course, the Peladon stories (this was nearly one - Mark Gatiss revealed to Doctor Who Magazine that he originally wanted to set the tale on Peladon) also featured this episode’s antagonists, the Ice Warriors. One of the few monsters from the classic series other than the Daleks and Cybermen to warrant multiple appearances, the Ice Warriors first appeared in the 1. Doctor, Jamie and Victoria encountered crashed Ice Warriors on an isolated base during Earth’s next Ice Age as they awoke and set about trying to conquer the planet. They retained villain status for their second appearance in 1. The Seeds Of Death, when their plan was to use a fungus to terraform 2. Earth and make it more habitable for them - obviously they failed. When they returned in The Curse Of Peladon, the Ice Warriors were set up for the viewers to think them the villains - the third Doctor is naturally suspicious of them for most of the story - but by this point they had evolved into a neutral race more reminiscent of Star Trek’s Klingons, with a keen sense of honour and a feudal system. On this occasion they allied themselves with the Doctor, but were more villainous on their return two years later when they worked with Galaxy 5 to take control of Peladon’s mining operation. Finally, the Ice Warriors made their return in 2. Cold War - also written by Mark Gatiss - in which the eleventh Doctor mediated a tense situation with a lone Ice Warrior aboard a Soviet submarine. On that occasion the TARDIS also dematerialised without intervention from a pilot, with the Doctor later explaining that he’d been tinkering with the HADS (Hostile action displacement system, obviously). The Empress Of Mars is the title of a 2. Kage Baker, which won the 2. Theodore Sturgeon Award and was nominated for a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award. The novella tells the story of a woman who runs the only bar on a colonised Mars. Countdown to Destruction. The eleventh Doctor previously visited NASA as part of his plan to scupper the Silence in 2. Day Of The Moon, and his claim that he loves a countdown is another similarity between himself and the Master, who confessed that he . In 2. 01. 5’s Heaven Sent, the Doctor claimed that his entire life was a countdown. In terms of Doctor Who appearances (televised Doctor Who, at least), Neil Armstrong actually was the first man on the moon, though the series was visiting the moon some time before Apollo 1. Doctor, Jamie, Ben and Polly landed on the moon in The Moonbase which, while set in the far- flung year of 2. Armstrong’s mission. This is the second Doctor Who story to be set in the year 1. The Gunfighters back in 1. Doctor, Steven and Dodo visit the OK Corral in search of a dentist. It’s also the third of writer Mark Gatiss’s Doctor Who stories to be set in Victorian England, after 2. The Unquiet Dead and 2. The Crimson Horror. Gatiss is a big fan of the era, having once built a Victorian laboratory in his house. Queen Victoria herself previously appeared in Doctor Who in 2. Tooth And Claw, where she was played by actress Pauline Collins - it is Collins who appears in the portrait of Victoria seen in this episode. That was the actress’s second appearance in the series, having played Samantha Briggs in second Doctor tale The Faceless Ones, during which she turned down the invitation to become a regular companion, paving the way for Deborah Watling’s Victoria instead. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was first published in 1. Friday is an escaped cannibal prisoner whose life Crusoe helps save and then decides to employ him as his personal servant. The effect of the Gargantua weapon (Gargantua being the name of one of the giants in Francois Rabelais’ novels, as well as the massive black hole in 2. Interstellar) is similar to that of the main Death Star weapon in Star Wars. The Doctor says “I have a bad feeling about this,” which is a line originated by Luke Skywalker in the first Star Wars film (as “I have a very bad feeling about this”) and subsequently used in every Star Wars film after, including last year’s spinoff/prequel Rogue One. The whole plot of this story, with the Doctor and friends encountering a group of unlikeable humans as they hope to raid the alien . It was first explicitly stated that the sonic doesn’t work on wood in 2. Silence In The Library, much to Donna’s disbelief. In 2. 01. 1’s Night Terrors the eleventh Doctor told George’s dad “I’ve got to invent a setting for wood!”. Iraxxa awakens her warriors with cries of “Sleep no more!” - a direct reference to Gatiss’s previous fan- favourite episode.“War is hell” was previously uttered by Ratcliffe in 1. Remembrance Of The Daleks, after being told by the Dalek controller that there would be many deaths as a result of their collaboration.“The way of the warrior is to die in battle” is a reference to Yamamoto Tsunetomo’s Hagakure, or In The Shadow Of Leaves. The work was a commentary on bushido - the way of the samurai. This led to the so- called . Hopefully it fares better than the UK’s Golden Age, which was created by prime minister Harriet Jones - who the tenth Doctor then decided to topple because of her actions in 2. The Christmas Invasion. This paved the way for Harold Saxon - aka the Master - to stand for election two years later. But if you didn’t spot those, you really need to pay closer attention. Pete is the co- writer and presenter of The Mostly Made- Up Doctor Who Episode Guide, a comedy podcast chronicling the Doctor’s adventures that is almost as well- researched as this article. You can find it on i. Tunes or at http: //www. Garden Seed . Receive a packet of the Pride of Wisconsin Muskmelon and a packet of Classic Magic Bachelor button with any order received before May 1, 2. Excluding Delivery Charge)You may purchase additional packets of these varieties as well by clicking on the images to the left or right. Shop Our All- America Selection Winners. What is All- America Selections? All- America Selections (AAS) is an independent, non- profit organization that began in 1. North America. Entries are trialed in many different geographic locations throughout the U. S. Only the best trial performers that show superiority to their comparisons are declared AAS Winners. 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The extraordinary posters that promoted their early performances are among the best, most rare, and most collectible examples of psychedelic poster art. San Francisco Bands: 1. The Short List)Formed in San Francisco in the summer of 1. Charlatans Mike Ferguson and George Hunter produced a rock concert poster to promote The Charlatans’ June 1. Red Dog Saloon in Virginia City, Nevada. First Performance: The Matrix — October 5, 1. For Family Dog at Longshoremen’s Hall — October 1. Jefferson Airplane, Marbles, Great Society (FD1- LH)For Bill Graham at the Fillmore Auditorium — February 1. Sopwith Camel, Quicksilver Messenger Service For Bill Graham at Winterland — March 4, 1. 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Moby Grape, Chambers Brothers. Featured Posters for the Charlatans (click on images for full description): First Performance: The Matrix — August 1. Matrix Opening Night. For Family Dog — Longshoremen’s Hall, October 1. Charlatans, Marbles, Great Society (FD1)For Bill Graham at The Fillmore Auditorium (first BG Show at the Fillmore Auditorium) — December 1. Great Society, Mystery Trend, Warlocks, John Handy Quintet, Gentlemen’s Band. For Bill Graham at The Fillmore Auditorium (first BG Fillmore show with a numbered poster) — February 4, 1. Mystery Trend, Quicksilver Messenger Service (BG- 1 Peter Bailey)For Bill Graham at Winterland (first BG Show at Winterland) — September 2. Butterfield Blues Band, Muddy Waters (BG- 2. Wes Wilson)Featured Posters for Jefferson Airplane (click on images for full description): First Performance: The Matrix — October 1. December 1. 96. 5. It was a band without a name, Cipollina recalled: “Jim Murray and David Freiberg came up with the name. Me and Freiberg were born on the same day, and Gary and Greg were born on the same day, we were all Virgos and Murray was a Gemini. And Virgos and Geminis are all ruled by the planet Mercury. Another name for Mercury is Quicksilver. And then, Quicksilver is the messenger of the Gods, and Virgo is the servant, so Freiberg says . At the group’s first Avalon performance with their new vocalist, Joplin reportedly sang only two songs during the whole set, sitting out lengthy freak- rock interludes atop an amplifier, banging a tambourine. Later, Joplin asked for a better microphone and got band members to lower their amp settings to showcase her vocals. Featured Posters for Big Brother and the Holding Company (click on images for full description): First Performance: The Firehouse Theatre — February 1. The Fillmore Auditorium (All. Dance Promotions) — February 1. Quicksilver Messenger Service, The Amazing Charlatans. At The Matrix — March 2. For Family Dog at Avalon Ballroom — July 1- 3, 1. Grass Roots, Daily Flash (FD- 1. Wes Wilson)For Bill Graham at the Fillmore Auditorium — July 2, 1. Great Society, Charlatans (BG- 1. Wes Wilson)Also: the Fillmore Auditorium — July 1. A. R. T. S. Benefit with Allen Ginsberg, SF Mime Troupe, The Committee (Wes Wilson)For Bill Graham at Winterland: None. Note: “.. We played a few cover tunes from folk- rock to blues like every other band did and we had our own brand of improvisational music. It was psychedelic/rock noise on the one hand and an attempt to rock classical style passages on the other hand .. We used a VW bus and then an ambulance to take equipment around. In less than six months time we were offered a record contract from Kama Sutra Records and asked to go to New York to travel with the Lovin Spoonful .. We arrived in the Village on the corner of Mc. Dougal and Bleeker in front of the Night Owl Cafe, Allen Ginsburg and one of the Fugs, greeted us with hugs and kisses. I bet that didn’t happen to many bands. We were the first hippie band out of the Bay Area. We opened at the Night Owl Cafe with Lothar and the Hand People. It was to get weirder as we toured the coast playing second bill to the Spoonful and promoting our hit record . King, Moby Grape (BG- 5. John H. Myers)For Bill Graham at Winterland — January 5, 1. Vanilla Fudge, Sonny Terry & Brownie Mc. Ghee (BG- 1. 01 Lee Conklin)Featured Posters for Steve Miller Blues Band (click on images for full description): First Performance: For Bill Graham at the Fillmore Auditorium — November 2. Jefferson Airplane, James Cotton (BG3. Wes Wilson)The Matrix — December 6, 1. For Family Dog at Avalon Ballroom — December 2. Grateful Dead, Steve Miller Band (FD- 4. Victor Moscoso)For Bill Graham at Winterland — March 2. Chambers Brothers, The Charlatans (BG5. Wes Wilson)Featured Posters for Moby Grape (click on images for full description). Watch Waterloo Road Season 9 Episode 3: The Madness of King Windsor. Waterloo Road / Season 9 / Episode 3. 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Contrast They Call Him . Empathic Weapons and Evil Weapons are a different issue. Ships and planes nearly always have a name. I Call Him . No relation to And Call Him . She's even been known to say some pretty suggestive things to them. Kino of Kino's Journey names her guns. This wouldn't count except that there are no dragons in the Berserk universe (unless you count Grunbeld in Apostle form); the sword was merely designed so that it could slay one if there were. Later chapters showed a dragon sitting on a castle tower, so the Dragon Slayer might eventually come to earn its name. In Slayers Try, Filia has a mace named . A Celebration of Life were held Tuesday, June 27, 2017 at Wesleyan Church in Hot Springs, SD., Pastor Aaron Hughes will be officiating. Interment will be at Fairview. He names his own sword Tenro, which is the Japanese name for the star Sirius. When Saruhiko, a new recruit who is already his favorite, refuses to come up with a name for his sword, Reisi gives him one - Subaru (the Pleiades). Theirs are the only two with celestial references. All of the main squads' sword names are revealed, and some are video game/fandom references and other Adorkablenerdery. It receives better treatment than pretty much all other humans he interacts with. Her fellow police officers are quite dismayed by her naming choice and her loving devotion to her mecha. WINTER 2016. EDITION RISKY BUSINESS What Were They Thinking? Hot Topics in Bank Supervision How to Build a Better Bank Board. The What Brexit Really Means for the EU. 9783447052009 3447052007 Rostovtzeffs Briefwechsel Mit Deutschsprachigen Altertumswissenschaftlern - Einleitung, Edition Und Kommentar, Gerald Kreucher. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. Cartolina dalla vacanza. Design by Gio&Vi Mitopositano com - News Manciano - Saturnia - indexvecchia - index cogn - Hotels of the world - Agriturismi Vacanze. 2017 Top Ten Standings. The current Top Ten results by breed, organized alphabetically. Posted July 7, 2017 for events through May 21, 2017. All questions about our. It's what she's named all her childhood pets. Labor Alphonse is Alphonse III, with the first two being her cat and dog. She also appears to be more attached to the tank than she is to her partner/would- be boyfriend. She calls it Avis. Every single Gundam has its own unique name, and a ton of the weapons get names in the profile pages. In Gundam 0. 0, Graham Aker (AKA Mister Bushido) named the beamkatana wielded by his mobile suit Masurao . Gundams just happen to be unique custom high- performance units with a unique name. Of course, with the exception of the Strike, Duel, Buster, and the Astray Red Frame, none of the other Gundam designs are mass produced, though some of the others get (very) limited- production derivatives. In fact, he uses it so often that some fans think that . On the other hand, his real weapons, the guns Liz and Patti are a wholeother story. It does live up to its name, given that it is capable of taking down SPACESHIPS. And even without the machine- gun capacity, she is the deadliest sax ever. Yui, being very original, names her guitar . No word yet on Ritsu's drums or Mugi's keyboard. It's a Katana she forged using magic, capable of slicing through Neuroi attacks to compensate for her lack of shields. Fumoffu plays it for laughs. Sousuke becomes the coach to the high school's rugby team, whose members are all of the Gentle Giant type, and takes them to the woods and puts them through The Spartan Way. In a Shout- Out to Full Metal Jacket, each member is given a rugby ball and told that they must love the rugby ball as a girlfriend. They all start to carefully clean the balls calling then foreign female names, in an absolutely creepy scene. Ichigo thinks this trope is in effect when Renji asks him his sword's name, regarding it as ridiculous sentimentality. However, he learns the hard way the trope that's actually in effect is Named Weapons, as it's extremely important for all shinigami to commune with their named swords to achieve their full potential. Once Ichigo learns his own sword's name, he becomes far more powerful. However, it veers into this trope since she's the only person able to properly communicate with him, so it initially comes off as a very lonely girl talking to a piece of clothing to her adoptive family. Gil refers to it as Ea. It is not called . Michael Tatum has admitted to naming Dororo's katana . This made it into an episode when Dororo broke his sword against an indestructible spaceship hull and cried its name out in grief. When they ask if he's alright, all he does is look tragically at his damaged matchlock and say, . Swim Swim was the one who arranged Ruler's death, but she still admired her. Snot: (looks at his sword for a second) Alright, I name mine Wally. Puke: I will not. According to Marv, the gun has almost lived up to its name. So do Smith and Wesson, a pair of entirely sentient A. I. It's probably the gun's actual name, although it isn't an A. I. Well, other than ZOWNT). A distinctly imposing rifle with . He loves that shield. He also once referred to it as . It got better. Tree, Dan Green nicknames his Hook Hand . After his dead daughter. King reference.) He then cements his role as the bad guy by bashing longtime fan favorite Glenn's skull into the pavement with . At least, every die that has stood out in some manner. Knowing the behavior of rather hardcore gamers, this probably isn't too much of an exaggeration from real life. It quickly becomes her weapon of choice. He loves it so much, it ends up becoming his go- to weapon when he has the ammo for it. Her eyes light up almost immediately, but thankfully her mother puts a stop to it. I haven't— Gawd: No. I ain't lettin' you have a crossbow so you can name it The Fart. Reggie: (whining) But Mo- om..! That probably tells you everything you could possibly wish to know about the fic. Sigrid is later sacrificed, causing Hetzer to shed some tears. In the next fic it's revealed that Rommel assigned him a New Tiger, which is called 'Sigrid II'. This is not so much out of the goodness of Rommel's heart, but because he has no use for clunky over engineered tanks. Optimus tells Ganthet he misses his VERA, and then explains it is his gun, not another Autobot. When the Guardian asks if he named his weapon, Optimus explains VERA is an acronym for Variable Energy Release Armament. When he throws it to kill a demon, Buffy (who didn't know he was there) recovers it from the corpse and temporarily renames it . She also has an axe called . And, as in baseline, she inherits Kendra's lucky stake . Rarity names hers . Pinkie's is called . Hugglebunny. In the epilogue, following his death defending the labs, it is given to Ruby to remember him. In White Knight, Grey Queen Paddy has a Magnum called Betsy. King's guitar). In its latest appearance, Rorschach shoots it. Black finds this a little disturbing. The first indication we get of Pvt. Pyle's decaying mental state is when we see him cleaning his gun (Charlene) delicately and whispering to it like a lover. He kisses it at one point. What do you mean rosebud isn't a weapon? Hackers. Joey gives the name . He calls it The Good Samaritan. Octopus' four tentacles (clockwise from top left) Larry, Harry, Moe, and Flo to help him keep the action straight. Every member of the Dandies weapon club names their gun/s and treats their gun/s as if it is their partner - if a Dandy uses another's gun instead of his/her own, it's like adultery. The film is structured with an ongoing narrator in the form of a letter to Wendy. About halfway through the movie we realize Wendy is the main character's pistol. He goes through a lot of trouble to smuggle it into France at the beginning of the film even though he could have requested any weapon he wanted once he met up with his local CIA contact. In reality, he's trying to intimidate them enough that they won't fight him because he doesn't know any martial arts at all. Used to encourage discipline in the cadets. Which is strange, since Roland wielded Durendal and the word Balizarde never appears in the poem. This is probably inspired by the nicknaming of vehicles in the military during real world wars. In the novels focused on the Gray Death Legion, conspicuously Scottish Davis Mc. Call has named his Rifleman 'Mech . There's also the . Somewhat subverted in Endgame when Katrina Steiner snidely comments on her brother Victor Steiner- Davion having named his Dire Wolf/Daishi . Natasha Kerensky, the legendary Black Widow, does dub the custom Daishi she earns after returning to Clan Wolf . He makes a joke about the name when he has to fight a pair of female twins. When the main character mentions they sound . They compose poems to their knives. It is later revealed that a stranger who carries a fremen knife would be accepted in any fremen community. Fighters operate under the philosophy that one weapon is as good as another; the only sword which has a name is an Empathic Weapon which turns out to be a woman's spirit contained in a sword. Several main characters give their musical instruments names, however. If a student ever named his weapon, the weapon was either melted down (if it belonged to the school) or returned to the student's home (if it belonged to the student), the student being prohibited from using it. Alberich makes a note to do the same now that he's a weapons instructor himself. Champions, however, do not name their swords — they can make any blade magical. The reason, in addition to the fact that he considers the actual name melodramatic, is that it contains the soul of its namesake. There's also . Vlad named it not because of sentimental attachment or mental instability, but because he was told that it would be a good idea to give it a name. Bengtsson features a pair of vikings who name their favorite swords . The child's fencing blade (Needle) would be an exception and follow this trope. Also mentioned in passing in the movie Hook, and shown many times in the animated Peter Pan & the Pirates series, where it is portrayed as being decorated in the style of a white tiger. This specific sail was modeled after a woman's bustier, and supposedly increased his ship's speed. Tolkien's Middle- earth mostly uses Named Weapons instead of this trope. With the exception of . Used as a source of wordplay: . Biography - Lorelei James. Lorelei James is the New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of romances in the Rough Riders series, the Blacktop Cowboys. Lorelei also writes dark, gritty mysteries under the name Lori Armstrong. Her books in the Julie Collins and Mercy Gunderson series have won Shamus Awards and the Willa Cather Literary Award. Lorelei lives in western South Dakota. Lorelei James is represented by Scott Miller of Trident Media Group. Trident Media Group. Madison Avenue, Floor 3. New York, NY 1. 00. Email inquiries may be sent to. 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This page lists some common interview questions for software engineers. Click on the question to see its. Get information, facts, and pictures about Nigeria at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Nigeria easy with credible articles from our. LiveScript is a language which compiles to JavaScript. It has a straightforward mapping to JavaScript and allows you to write expressive code devoid of repetitive. We recommend that all. Highlights include: New . API for Series/Data. Frame similar to the groupby- rolling- resample API’s, see here. Integration with the feather- format, including a new top- level pd. This is a familiar API. This allows aggregation operations in a concise way. Possible incompatibility for HDF5 formats created with pandas < 0.13.0¶ pd.TimeSeries was deprecated officially in 0.17.0, though has already been an alias since 0.13.0. The full documentation. GH1. 62. 3). Here is a sample. In . The output has one column. Those functions applied to a particular column will be Na. N: In . This is similiar to how groupby . See the io docs for more information. In . This was the previous default, so this is a backward compatible change. In . Previously, only column names could be referenced. This allows to easily group by a column and index level at the same time. As a result, reading. URLs in read. By default, compression of. URLs and paths are now inferred using their file extensions. Additionally. support for bz. C- engine improved (GH1. In . Compression methods. Previously, handling these integers would. These allow first- class support for interval. The Interval. Index allows some unique indexing, see the. Feedback on usage is welcome. Previous behavior: The returned categories were strings, representing Intervals. In . See the documentation (GH1. Integration with the feather- format, including a new top- level pd. GH8. 41. 9). isnull() and . Index object to make them more consistent with the Series API (GH1. New Unsorted. Index. Error (subclass of Key. Error) raised when indexing/slicing into an. Multi. Index (GH1. This allows differentiation between errors due to lack. See here. Multi. Index has gained a . See the Timedelta docs (GH1. See the categorical union docs for more information. Data. Frame. to. Bar alignment is set with align='left'. It has. been dropped in favor of pd. Series. This is most likely to be for pandas < 0. If you find yourself in this situation. They will now return a new Index object, except. On the other hand, this might have backward incompatibilities: e. To get the original. These are now made consistent. This shouldn’t break. However, since s. See Slice vs. Exact Match for details. In . You can condainstallpandas- gbq- cconda- forge or. The functionality of read. Documentation is now hosted here (GH1. Memory Usage for Index is more Accurate. This will generally be different for Index and Multi. Index and less- so for other index types. These are equivalent in function. Multi. Indexed Data. Frame enjoys more support in pandas. These comparisons will now raise a. Type. Error (GH1. In . This affects inner. Data. Frame. join() and merge(), and the . Index. intersection. In . Here a bug. is fixed that allowed this to return a Series under certain circumstance. The extracting behaviour was deprecated. Series. str. extract. GH5. 22. 4). As a consequence, the as. These are all removed from the public API. Together with pandas. Further changes: The function union. Only the functions exposed in pandas. GH1. 62. 23)pandas. Previously. these exceptions & warnings could be imported from pandas. These exceptions and warnings. Those functions can be used when writing tests for functionality using pandas objects. The following testing functions are now part of this API: pandas. See the deprecations sections for more details. Other Development Changes. To wit, . ix can decide to index positionally OR via labels, depending on the data type of the index. This has caused quite a bit of user confusion over the years. The full indexing documentation is here. Here we will select the appropriate indexes from the index, then use label indexing. In . Here we will get the location of the . The recommended way to represent 3- D data are. Multi. Index on a Data. Frame via the to. Pandas. provides a to. For more details see Deprecate Panel documentation. This provides a useful syntax for constructing multiple. However, . agg(.) can also accept a dict that allows . This is a complicated and confusing syntax, as well as not consistent. Series and Data. Frame. We are deprecating this . This allowed. one to rename the resulting aggregation, but this had a completely different. Data. Frame, which accepts column- to- aggregations. We are deprecating passing a dict- of- dicts to a grouped/rolled/resampled Data. Frame in a similar manner. This is an illustrative example: In . This. is a natural, and useful syntax. We aggregate from the dict- to- list by taking the specified. This returns a Multi. Index for the columns (this is not deprecated). In . This. is a combination aggregation & renaming: In . All the public plotting functions are now available. GH1. 25. 48). Furthermore, the top- level pandas. This should only affect explict imports (GH1. Series/Data. Frame/Panel. Instead use in- line string expressions in the where clause when searching in HDFStorepd. Expr, is removed, as it is not applicable to user code. Series/Data. Framepd. Similar functionality can be accessed. Similar functionaility can be found in the statsmodels package. Now raises error now with astype() for Series and Data. Frames (GH1. 42. 65)Bug in Data. Frame(.). apply(to. We recommend that all. Highlights include: merge. See here. Sparse data structures gained enhanced support of int and bool dtypes, see here. Comparison operations with Series no longer ignores the index, see here for an overview of the API changes. Introduction of a pandas development API for utility functions, see here. Deprecation of Panel. D and Panel. ND. We recommend to represent these types of n- dimensional data with the xarray package. Removal of the previously deprecated modules pandas. Warningpandas > = 0. New features. Full documentation is. The merge. This is like a left- outer join, except. Na. N value. In . Using an integer window parameter works to roll along the window frequency. In . Specifying. how='all' only drops values where all levels are missing. In . See the docs for more details (GH1. The to. Pandas did this in order to silence the warnings that would arise from using numpy ufuncs on missing data, which are usually represented as Na. N s. Unfortunately, this silenced legitimate warnings arising in non- pandas code in the application. Starting with 0. 1. These are likely legitimate, and the underlying cause likely existed in the code when using previous versions of pandas that simply silenced the warning. Use numpy. errstate around the source of the Runtime. Warning to control how these conditions are handled. This should provide an improved memory footprint. Previous behavior: In . We are starting by exposing type. More sub- packages and officially sanctioned API’s. GH1. 31. 47, GH1. The following are now part of this API: In . See the docs for more details (GH1. The . tz. The default behavior remains to raising a Non. Existent. Time. Error (GH1. Data. Frame. columns. GH1. 37. 75)Data. Frame has gained support to re- order the columns based on the values. The default is the value of the html. This also affects the notebook HTML repr, but since Jupyter’s CSS includes a border- width attribute, the visual effect is the same. Older versions of pandas should also work with matplotlib 2. GH1. 33. 33)Timestamp, Period, Datetime. Index, Period. Index and . This behaves like a standard binary operator with regards. GH1. 42. 08). API changes. As of 0. 1. 9. 0, this will raises Value. Error to be more strict. This section also describes how to keep previous behavior or align different indexes, using the flexible comparison methods like . As a result, Series and Data. Frame operators behave as below: Arithmetic operators. Use these operators if you want to compare two Series. In . The period dtype is a. Now Period('Na. T') has been changed to return pd. Na. T. Previously it raised Value. Error. Previous behavior: In . This. behavior was already deprecated since 0. When. possible, + and - are now used for element- wise operations, for. GH8. 22. 7, GH1. 41. Previous behavior: In . You had to specify dtype explicitly to create sparse data with int. Call where directly to get the previous behavior (GH1. Calls to . sample() will respect the random seed set via numpy. GH1. 31. 61)Styler. For axis=0 or axis=1, the output shape must be identical. For axis=None, the output must be a Data. Frame with identical columns and index labels (GH1. Float. 64. Index. Value. Error if Float. Index contains Na. N values (GH1. 31. Timedelta. Index. Datetime. Index. astype(int) will now return Int. Index instead of np. GH1. 32. 09)Passing Period with multiple frequencies to normal Index now returns Index with object dtype (GH1. Period. Index. fillna with Period has different freq now coerces to object dtype (GH1. Faceted boxplots from Data. Frame. boxplot(by=col) now return a Series when return. Previously these returned an Ordered. Dict. Note that when return. The exception type would now be the original exception type instead of CParser. Error (GH1. 36. 52). Datetime- likes now have a . The recommended way to represent these types of n- dimensional data are with the xarray package. Pandas provides a to. Use pandas. tseries. Now legacy time rules raises Value. Error. For the list of currently supported offsets, see here. The default value for the return. These methods will now return a matplotlib axes by default instead of a dictionary of artists. See here (GH6. 58. The tquery and uquery functions in the pandas. GH5. 95. 0). Performance Improvements. UTF- xx, UTF. Previously they were assigned . Now they are assigned . Note that using standard operator like + or - is recommended, because standard operators use more efficient path (GH1. Bug in operations on Na. T returning float instead of datetime. For details. see Custom Business Hour (GH1. In . These return another deferred object (similar to what . You can then operate on these Rolling. Groupby objects in a similar manner. Previously you would have to do this to get a rolling window mean per- group: In . Logarithm - Wikipedia. Plots of logarithm functions of three commonly used bases. In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a number is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base, must be raised to produce that number. In simple cases the logarithm counts factors in multiplication. For example, the base 1. More generally, exponentiation allows any positive real number to be raised to any real power, always producing a positive result, so the logarithm can be calculated for any two positive real numbers b and x where b is not equal to 1. The logarithm of x to baseb, denoted logb(x), is the unique real number y such that by = x. For example, log. The logarithm to base 1. The natural logarithm has the number e (. The binary logarithm uses base 2 (that is b = 2) and is commonly used in computer science. Logarithms were introduced by John Napier in the early 1. They were rapidly adopted by navigators, scientists, engineers, and others to perform computations more easily, using slide rules and logarithm tables. Tedious multi- digit multiplication steps can be replaced by table look- ups and simpler addition because of the fact—important in its own right—that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors: logb. The present- day notion of logarithms comes from Leonhard Euler, who connected them to the exponential function in the 1. Logarithmic scales reduce wide- ranging quantities to tiny scopes. For example, the decibel is a unitquantifying signal power log- ratios and amplitude log- ratios (of which sound pressure is a common example). In chemistry, p. H is a logarithmic measure for the acidity of an aqueous solution. Logarithms are commonplace in scientific formulae, and in measurements of the complexity of algorithms and of geometric objects called fractals. They describe musical intervals, appear in formulas counting prime numbers, inform some models in psychophysics, and can aid in forensic accounting. In the same way as the logarithm reverses exponentiation, the complex logarithm is the inverse function of the exponential function applied to complex numbers. The discrete logarithm is another variant; it has uses in public- key cryptography. Motivation and definition. For example, the third power (or cube) of 2 is 8, because 8 is the product of three factors of 2: 2. More generally, raising b to the n- th power, where n is a natural number, is done by multiplying n factors equal to b. The n- th power of b is written bn, so thatbn=b. For example, b. In other words, the logarithm of x to base b is the solution y to the equation. In the equation y = logb(x), the value y is the answer to the question . This question can also be addressed (with a richer answer) for complex numbers, which is done in section . Logarithms can also be negative: log. Finally, for any base b, logb(b) = 1 and logb(1) = 0, since b. Logarithmic identities. The logarithm of the p- th power of a number is p times the logarithm of the number itself; the logarithm of a p- th root is the logarithm of the number divided by p. The following table lists these identities with examples. Each of the identities can be derived after substitution of the logarithm definitions x=blogb. For example the result of the derivation would remain unchanged when chosing a = 1. Particular bases. For example, log. The graph gets arbitrarily close to the y axis, but does not meet or intersect it. Among all choices for the base, three are particularly common. These are b = 1. 0, b = e (the irrational mathematical constant . In mathematical analysis, the logarithm to base e is widespread because of its particular analytical properties explained below. On the other hand, base- 1. The next integer is 4, which is the number of digits of 1. Both the natural logarithm and the logarithm to base two are used in information theory, corresponding to the use of nats or bits as the fundamental units of information, respectively. Many disciplines write log(x) instead of logb(x), when the intended base can be determined from the context. The notation blog(x) also occurs. In computer science and mathematics, log usually refers to log. The method of logarithms was publicly propounded by John Napier in 1. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (Description of the Wonderful Rule of Logarithms). Some of these methods used tables derived from trigonometric identities. Archimedes had written The Quadrature of the Parabola in the third century BC, but a quadrature for the hyperbola eluded all efforts until Saint- Vincent published his results in 1. The relation that the logarithm provides between a geometric progression in its argument and an arithmetic progression of values, prompted A. Soon the new function was appreciated by Christiaan Huygens, Patavii, and James Gregory. The notation Log y was adopted by Leibniz in 1. They were critical to advances in surveying, celestial navigation, and other domains. Pierre- Simon Laplace called logarithms. Subsequently, tables with increasing scope were written. These tables listed the values of logb(x) and bx for any number x in a certain range, at a certain precision, for a certain base b (usually b = 1. For example, Briggs' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1–1. As the function f(x) = bx is the inverse function of logb(x), it has been called the antilogarithm. The product cd or quotient c/d came from looking up the antilogarithm of the sum or difference, also via the same table: cd=blogb. Calculations of powers and roots are reduced to multiplications or divisions and look- ups bycd=(blogb. This extends the scope of logarithm tables: given a table listing log. Starting from 2 on the lower scale, add the distance to 3 on the upper scale to reach the product 6. The slide rule works because it is marked such that the distance from 1 to x is proportional to the logarithm of x. The non- sliding logarithmic scale, Gunter's rule, was invented shortly after Napier's invention. William Oughtred enhanced it to create the slide rule—a pair of logarithmic scales movable with respect to each other. Numbers are placed on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms. Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms. For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part. The slide rule was an essential calculating tool for engineers and scientists until the 1. A function is a rule that, given one number, produces another number. This function is writtenf(x)=bx. A proof of that fact requires the intermediate value theorem from elementary calculus. A function is continuous if it does not . Because f takes arbitrarily large and arbitrarily small positive values, any number y > 0 lies between f(x. Hence, the intermediate value theorem ensures that the equation f(x) = y has a solution. Moreover, there is only one solution to this equation, because the function f is strictly increasing (for b > 1), or strictly decreasing (for 0 < b < 1). The function that assigns to y its logarithm is called logarithm function or logarithmic function (or just logarithm). The function logb(x) is essentially characterized by the above product formulalogb. Conversely, given a positive number y, the formulablogb. Thus, the two possible ways of combining (or composing) logarithms and exponentiation give back the original number. Therefore, the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of f(x) = bx. Their graphs correspond to each other upon exchanging the x- and the y- coordinates (or upon reflection at the diagonal line x = y), as shown at the right: a point (t, u = bt) on the graph of f yields a point (u, t = logbu) on the graph of the logarithm and vice versa. As a consequence, logb(x) diverges to infinity (gets bigger than any given number) if x grows to infinity, provided that b is greater than one. In that case, logb(x) is an increasing function. For b < 1, logb(x) tends to minus infinity instead. When x approaches zero, logb(x) goes to minus infinity for b > 1 (plus infinity for b < 1, respectively). Derivative and antiderivative. Roughly, a continuous function is differentiable if its graph has no sharp . Moreover, as the derivative of f(x) evaluates to ln(b)bx by the properties of the exponential function, the chain rule implies that the derivative of logb(x) is given by. This is this very simple formula that motivated to qualify as . Computing f'(x) by means of the derivative of ln(f(x)) is known as logarithmic differentiation. This is a consequence of the fundamental theorem of calculus and the fact that the derivative of ln(x) is 1/x. The right hand side of this equation can serve as a definition of the natural logarithm. Product and power logarithm formulas can be derived from this definition. In the illustration below, the splitting corresponds to dividing the area into the yellow and blue parts. Rescaling the left hand blue area vertically by the factor t and shrinking it by the same factor horizontally does not change its size. Moving it appropriately, the area fits the graph of the function f(x) = 1/x again. Therefore, the left hand blue area, which is the integral of f(x) from t to tu is the same as the integral from 1 to u. This justifies the equality (2) with a more geometric proof. It is closely tied to the natural logarithm: as n tends to infinity, the difference. This relation aids in analyzing the performance of algorithms such as quicksort. The second identity can be proven by writing. Almost all real numbers are transcendental. The logarithm is an example of a transcendental function. The Gelfond–Schneider theorem asserts that logarithms usually take transcendental, i. Time series. Introduction. Simple time series models. ARIMAValidating a model. Spectral Analysis. Wavelets. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)Modeling volatility: GARCH models (Generalized Auto. Regressive Conditionnal Heteroscedasticity)Multivariate time series. State- Space Models and Kalman Filtering. Non- linear time series and chaos. Other times. Discrete- valued time series: Markov chains and beyond. Variants of Markov chains. Untackled subjects. TO SORT. This chapter contrasts with the topics we have seen up to. We shall then present. The simplicity of those models. GARCH) are called for. Furthermore, if the number of time. In statistics, it is a variable that depends on. The second one, the PACF (Partial. Auto. Correlation Function), contains the same information. The last one. the spectrogram, tries to. We can then build on. The aim of a time. With time. series, you have a single one. Therefore, we replace the. Depending on the statistical phenomenon, these two. In order to compute it from a. The boundaries of the confidence interval are. But to. find this recipe, we proceed in the other direction: we. To check if our. analysis is correct, we have to check that the residuals are. To. this end, we can start to have a look at the ACF (on. Let us first try to write the. It might not be that clear on this. However, we can reuse the same idea with a single. Here, the periodic component can be anything: we have. Do not forget the . On the contrary. quite often, when we study time series, we are interested in. The drawback is that we cannot do that at the two ends of. The drawback is that this. As a result, when large observations. It has the same. advantages: it is not very sensible to (not too drastic). One can. add some noise to a random walk: this is called a local. If the seasonal. component is not noisy, it is constant (but arbitrary). For. instance, if you remark that the larger the value, the. Correlation is one means of. Here, we. compute the SACF of a realization of a model. In the. case where the observations are not evenly spaced, one can. You can replace. them by their mean. It can be. easily computed from the autocorrelation function with the. The result we want is the first, but if we. That is why we ask, in the AR(1) model. Y(t+1) = a * Y(t) + Z(t) (where Z is a white noise). This can also be written. Y(t+1) - a Y(t) = Z(t). B) Y = Z (where phi(u) = 1 - a u. B is the Backwards, operator. The process is then said to be. Without this hypothesis, the autocorrelation. Moving Average. In the following formulas, z is a. As a result, you can use the estimated ARMA. You can also see it on the ACF: if the. ACF should rapidly (usually exponentially). In other. words, a process is ARIMA of order d if its d- th derivative. ARMA. The model can be written. B) (1- B)^d X(t) = theta(B) Z(t). B is the shift operator, Z a white noise, phi the. AR part, theta the polynomial defining. MA part of the process. We have. already seen it with the random walk, which is an integrated. ARMA(0,0) process, i. ARIMA process of order 1: the. X(t) increases with t. This is the very reason. But beware, it might not always be a good idea: if. ACF decreases exponentially, you can stop. They are often denoted. P,D,Q) . We have differentiated twice. Couldn't we get rid. We hesitate between. SARIMA(?,1,?)(?,1,?). SARIMA(?,0,?)(?,1,?). Here are our forecasts. The. general case can be a little more complicated: if the. Differentiate to get a stationary process. Identify the model. ARMA(1,0): ACF: exponential decrease; PACF: one peak. ARMA(2,0): ACF: exponential decrease or waves; PACF: two peaks. ARMA(0,1): ACF: one peak; PACF: exponential decrease. ARMA(0,2): ACF: two peaks; PACF: exponential decrease or waves. ARMA(1,1): ACF& PACF: exponential decrease. Compute the coefficients. Diagnostics (go to 1 if they do not look like white noise). Computhe the p- values, remove unneeded coefficients (check on the. Forecasts. Sample ARMA processes and their ACF and PACF. Here are a few examples of ARMA processes (in red: the. ACF and PACF). As this amounts to performing innumarable. AIC, but several - - we shall prefer a simple model whose. You can remorselessly. AIC (or BIC: the AIC may be meaningful. BIC has a more general validity). We can estimate its. Error t value Pr(>. So far, we have only seen how to interpret it. It is simpler if we. There. are actually several flavours of Fourier . Luckily, the inversion formulas are very similar. I am definitely forgetting normalizing constants). To. describe it, we can choose a basis of this vector space. If. we choose the basis of . The signal is said to be described in the. Besides, if we are not interested in the phase, we. FFT. This is due to the fact that we. This introduces a. That would be bad in its own. Get the trend. This is because it expresses the characteristics of. On the contrary, the. You can hope to find a . V(- 2) \subset V(- 1) \subset V(0) \subset V(1) \subset V(2) .. For example (this is called. Haar basis). father < - function (x) . The convergence speed and the. Choose a father wavelet phi. For all j in Z, V. The closure of the union of the V. Then, set W. Then (finally), we have a basis of $L^2$. For instance, with the Daubechies. For instance, density estimation of financial. Kernel methods do. Hardle et al., 1. Pattern Recognition of Time Series Using Wavelets. Usually, you. only have one: to estimate the variance, you can only take. In the case of ARMA models, it. GARCH models. it does not. What happens, it that for a given realization. Let. us have a go at it. We consider a time series (if you work. This v(n) (or rather. That is all. So we have either to heuristically estimate it (there. The basic idea leading to them is. Here, we get a negative value, which means. As the p- value is under 5%, we shall say that. This has nothing to do in the chapter about GARCH. TODO. BEWARE: I have not (yet) understood what follows. Most models assume that the variance is constant. The variance is not constant. Error t value Pr(>. As. in the 1- dimensional case, we can also add in earlier terms. VAR(p) process and not simply a VAR(1) process. The volatility is the variance of. But sometimes, the assumption that. The first. coordinate can be measured, the second cannot. The aim of. the game is to estimate this hidden coordinate. For. instance, the model could be. TODO: give the equations. Given such a model, given the observed variable X. Given f, g, the variance of both noises, the first values. X, forecast the past and future values if S - - this is. Kalman filter. Given the first values of X, find f, g and the variance. For this problem, we shall assume that f and. We proceed in two steps: first, the a priori estimate. To simplify those formulas, let us assume that the. Then, instead of estimating the whole probability. As we multiply two of the variables, this is a. If you use the time to select. Traditional zooming would only display a portion of the data, without any deformation, but you can devise transformations that zoom in on part of the image and out on the rest. In the following example, some text is hidden in the cloud of points: will you be able to read it? If the phenomenon studied goes faster at some times of the day. This is the case with financial data: we can plot intraday. This property is often refered to as. Let us call the vertices 1, 2, 3, 4, X(n) the. If the spider. selects the next vertex at random, we have. P. Compare those paths: in what. What is. the life expectancy of the spider (before it gest glued)? Given that half the. I wrote this, I was still living in. France), can we expect that smokers will eventually disappear? The probability vector P. Do smokers eventually dwindle and disappear? Write another program that uses those. Markov chain. Modify those programs so that they use order 2. Markov chains, i. If they have snow (or rain) they have an. If there is. a change from snow or rain, only half of the time is this. What is the probability that Monday is a nice day? What is the probability that the next Saturday is a nice day? When you arrive, it is snowing. What is the probability. Saturday is a nice day? On Tuesday, you sleep all day, and on Wednesday it is. What is the probability that the weather. On a long span of time, what are the proportion of. Is this climate description. Il y a trois g. Il y a six types de. E1 = AA . In other words, the states are hidden. The situation is the same as above. HMM for each character and then, given a. HMM (i. e., letter). This. is a real- world example, used by postal services to. PDAs. that recognize simplified letters. Then, given a new text (e. The HMM has two states (coding, non- coding) and. Given a HMM, find the probability of a sequence of symbols: forward algorithm. Find the most probable path (the sequence of states). Viterbi algorithm. Find the parameters of the Markov chain (transition. Markov chain. forward- backward algorithm, aka Baum- -Welch algorithm, aka. EM algorithm. Easy enough, but. To avoid this, we. Markov vhain regularization. We need to find the initial. To increase your chances of finding a. Another idea would be. To correct this, one can compute a. Kirchoff's laws, in electricity). This is very similar to . Those classes can overlap: a single amino acid can. We no longer look for the probability. This can also be seen as a form of regularization. HMM and multiple alignment. A multiple alignment can be computed as follows: build a HMM that. For instance . The language described by this grammar is the. Chomsky (not a computer scientist but a linguist) distinguishes. They can be be described by stack automata. This can be formalized by adding a probability for each. Therefore, when searching in a database of. ARN sequences, we do not really want similar sequences, but sequences whose secondary structure is similar. Rabiner). http: //www. Faculty/Rabiner/ece. Reprints/tutorial%2. HMM emitting continuous variables. TODOMarkov Decision Processes (MDP). In each state, one can make a decision that leads to. The matrix of those probabilities is. It also has arma, which is subsumed by. |
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